Cyperus articulatus

Cyperus articulatus

Cyperus articulatus

Common Names: Jointed flatsedge, Priprioca, Guinea rush, Adrue
Local Names: Kaajiiji, Turaren Gulbi (Hausa, Nigeria), Oke Ubiri (Igbo, Nigeria), Ifeie (Yoruba, Nigeria), Gowe (Fula-Pulaar, Senegal), Kuntama (Mandinka, Gambia), Maya (Bambara, Mali), Ndfu (North West Cameroon), Yig (Serer, Senegal), Kolume (Susu, Guinea), Kokyi (Fante, Ghana)
Species ID: NMP-287 |
wfo-0000367843 | NCBI_Taxonomy ID: 1352543

Scientific Classification

Kingdom: Plantae

Clade: Tracheophytes

Clade: Angiosperms

Clade: Monocots

Clade: Commelinids

Order: Poales

Family: Cyperaceae

Genus: Cyperus

Species: C. articulatus

Synonyms: Chlorocyperus articulatus (L.) Rikli, Cyperus nodosus Humb. & Bonpl. ex Willd., Cyperus subnodosus Nees & Meyen, Cyperus pertenuis Roxb., Papyrus pangorei Nees

Morphological Description

Cyperus articulatus is a robust, perennial sedge, typically 1–2.5 meters tall, with a rhizomatous root system. Its key characteristics include:

·       Rhizomes: Thick, aromatic, bearing tubers with a woody, spicy scent; used in perfumery and medicine.

·       Stems: Cylindrical, hollow, 3–10 mm diameter, with transverse septa giving a jointed appearance; green to glaucous, glabrous.

·       Leaves: Reduced to basal sheaths, 10–30 cm long, brownish to green, lacking true blades; sheaths wrap the stem base

·       Inflorescence: Simple anthela, 5–20 cm wide, with 3–10 primary branches bearing clusters of 10–30 spikelets; spikelets linear, 5–20 mm long, reddish-brown; flowers bisexual, with 3 stamens and a 3-lobed stigma; flowering year-round in tropics (Kew Science, n.d.).

Distribution and Habitat

Cyperus articulatus is widespread across tropical and subtropical regions, thriving in wetland ecosystems:

·       Geographic Range: Native to Africa (Nigeria, Senegal, Cameroon, Ethiopia), southern Asia (India, Sri Lanka), northern Australia, southeastern United States, West Indies, and Latin America (Brazil, Peru); in Nigeria, common in southern wetlands (e.g., Niger Delta) and northern riverine areas (e.g., Sokoto) (Kew Science, n.d.; Burkill, 1985).

·       Habitat: Grows in aquatic environments, including swamps, lake shores, river margins, wet grasslands, and pools; tolerates standing water up to 30 cm deep; prefers loamy or clay soils (pH 5.0–7.5) with 1,000–2,500 mm annual rainfall; occurs at elevations up to 1,000 m (Fern, 2024).

·       Ecological Role: Forms dense patches, stabilizing wetland soils; provides habitat for aquatic fauna; can be invasive in disturbed wetlands.

Ethnopharmacology

Cyperus articulatus, known as priprioca in the Amazon, is a cornerstone of traditional medicine in Nigeria, Cameroon, and other regions, valued for its antimicrobial, sedative, and anti-inflammatory properties. Its pharmacological potential is driven by a rich phytochemical profile, with studies validating numerous traditional uses.

Traditional Uses

In African and Amazonian ethnomedicine, Cyperus articulatus is used for:

·       Epilepsy and Seizures: Rhizome decoctions are consumed to manage convulsions, particularly in Cameroon and Nigeria (Bum et al., 2001).

·       Infections: Rhizome pastes treat skin infections, wounds, and dysentery, leveraging antimicrobial properties (Neuwinger, 2000).

·       Pain and Inflammation: Leaf and rhizome infusions relieve headaches, toothaches, and joint pain.

·       Gastrointestinal Disorders: Rhizome extracts treat diarrhea, vomiting, and digestive issues in Amazonian and West African communities.

·       Malaria and Fever: Rhizome decoctions are used as antimalarial and febrifuge remedies in Cameroon (Ndob et al., 2016).

·       Sedative Effects: Rhizome infusions promote relaxation and treat insomnia (Rakotonirina et al., 2001).

Pharmacological Studies                                  

Pharmacological studies have validated several traditional uses of Cyperus articulatus, focusing on its rhizomes and essential oils:

·       Anticonvulsant Activity: Methanolic rhizome extracts protected mice against maximal electroshock (MES) and pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)-induced seizures (ED50: 306 mg/kg for PTZ, 1005 mg/kg for MES) and delayed isonicotinic acid hydrazide-induced seizures, with mustakone and alkaloids as key compounds, supporting use for epilepsy (Bum et al., 2001). 

·       Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Effects: Essential oil from rhizomes (CAEO) reduced nitrite, TNF-α, IL-1β, and PGE2 production in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages (IC50: ~5 µg/mL) and inhibited carrageenan-induced paw edema in mice by 40% at 100 mg/kg, with sesquiterpenes (e.g., mustakone) as active components, validating use for pain and inflammation (Mittas et al., 2022). 

·       Antimalarial Activity: Ethanolic rhizome extracts showed antiplasmodial activity against *Plasmodium falciparum

·       Antimicrobial Activity: Ethanolic rhizome extracts inhibited *Streptococcus mutans* and *Enterococcus faecalis* (MIC: 0.5–2 mg/mL), with α-pinene and β-pinene disrupting bacterial membranes, validating use for infections (Macambira et al., 2024). 

·       Sedative Effects: Rhizome decoctions reduced spontaneous motor activity in mice and increased sleep duration when combined with sodium thiopental or diazepam, with flavonoids and saponins as sedative agents, supporting traditional use for insomnia (Rakotonirina et al., 2001).

⚠ Safety Considerations: Cyperus articulatus is generally safe at therapeutic doses, but some risks are noted: Acute Toxicity: Essential oil showed no mortality in mice at 2,000 mg/kg, with minor trauma likely from administration, suggesting a safe profile (Metuge et al., 2014) Allergic Reactions: Prolonged exposure to essential oils (e.g., camphor) may cause skin irritation or respiratory discomfort in sensitive individuals (Mittas et al., 2022).

 

Additional Information

·       Fragrance Industry: Rhizomes yield priprioca essential oil (0.9% yield), rich in mustakone and β-selinene, used in perfumes and cosmetics for its woody, spicy aroma.

·       Ecological Role: Stabilizes wetland ecosystems; supports aquatic biodiversity; can form invasive stands in disturbed areas

·       Cultural Significance: Used in Amazonian rituals for perfumed baths and spiritual cleansing; revered in Nigerian Hausa communities for medicinal potency

References

  • Alhassan, A. M., Ahmed, Q. U., Latip, J., Shah, S. A. A., Sarian, M. N., Wahab, R. A., ... & Khatib, A. (2018). Phytoconstituents from Vernonia glaberrima Welw. Ex O. Hoffm. leaves and their cytotoxic activities on a panel of human cancer cell lines. South African Journal of Botany, 116, 16–24.
  • Bum, E. N., Rakotonirina, A., Rakotonirina, S. V., & Herrling, P. (2001). Anticonvulsant properties of the methanolic extract of Cyperus articulatus (Cyperaceae). Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 76(2), 145–150.
  • Burkill, H. M. (1985). The useful plants of West Tropical Africa (Vol. 1). Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.
  • Metuge JA, Nyongbela KD, Mbah JA, Samje M, Fotso G, Babiaka SB, Cho-Ngwa F. Anti-Onchocerca activity and phytochemical analysis of an essential oil from Cyperus articulatus L. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2014 Jul 7;14:223. doi: 10.1186/1472-6882-14-223. PMID: 24998345; PMCID: PMC4099029.
  • Fern, K. (2024). Cyperus articulatusUseful Tropical Plants Database. https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Cyperus+articulatus
  • Hassanein, H. D., Nazif, N. M., Shahat, A. A., Hammouda, F. M., Aboutable, E.-S. A., & Saleh, M. A. (2014). Chemical diversity of essential oils from Cyperus articulatusCyperus esculentus, and Cyperus papyrusJournal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 17(2), 251–264.
  • Kew Science. (n.d.). Cyperus articulatus L. Plants of the World Online. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:303822-1
  • Macambira, D. V. C., Almeida Júnior, J. S., Silveira, C. F. M., Sarrazin, S. L. F., Moraes, T. M. P., da Silva, B. A., ... & Barata, L. E. S. (2024). Antimicrobial activity on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis of Cyperus articulatus ethanolic extracts. Plants, 13(5), 689.
  • Mittas, D., Mawunu, M., Magliocca, G., Lautenschläger, T., Schwaiger, S., Stuppner, H., & Marzocco, S. (2022). Bioassay-guided isolation of anti-inflammatory constituents of the subaerial parts of Cyperus articulatus (Cyperaceae). Molecules, 27(18), 5937.
  • Ndob, B. B., Mengome, L. E., & Bivigou, F. (2016). Ethnobotanical survey of medicinal plants used as anthelmintic remedies in Gabon. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 191, 360–371.
  • Neuwinger, H. D. (2000). African traditional medicine: A dictionary of plant use and applications. Medpharm Scientific Publishers.
  • Rakotonirina, V. S., Bum, E. N., Rakotonirina, A., & Bopelet, M. (2001). Sedative properties of the decoction of the rhizome of Cyperus articulatusFitoterapia, 72(1), 22–29.
  • Silva, É. B. S. D., Barata, L. E. S., Arévalo, M. R., Vieira, L. Q., Castro, W., Ruiz, A. L. T. G., ... & Moraes, W. P. (2021). Chemical composition and antiproliferative activity of the ethanolic extract of Cyperus articulatus L. (Cyperaceae). Plants, 10(10), 2084.

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Compounds of Cyperus articulatus
References

Abacha, Y. Z. (2020). Investigation of Nigerian Ethno-medicinal Plants as Potential Sources of Cytotoxic and Anti-plasmodial Compounds. Biological activity of Vitellaria paradoxa, Cyperus articulatus, Securidaca longepedunculata and semi-synthetic halogenated analogues of cryptolepine isolated from Cryptolepis sanguinolenta (Doctoral dissertation, University of Bradford).