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Luteolin has been known since ancient times, primarily as a yellow dye obtained from the plant Reseda luteola.

   - It was first isolated in its pure form and named in 1829 by the French chemist Michel EugèneChevreul.

   - The empirical formula of luteolin was determined in 1864 by Austrian chemists Heinrich Hlasiwetz and Leopold Pfaundler.

   - The correct structure of luteolin was proposed by English chemist Arthur George Perkin in 1896 and later confirmed in 1900 by Polish-Swiss chemist Stanislaw Kostanecki and his students.

   - Luteolin is classified as a tetrahydroxyflavone, with hydroxy groups located at positions 3', 4', 5, and 7.

   - It is a 3'-hydroxyflavonoid and a tetrahydroxyflavone, and it is the conjugate acid of a luteolin-7-olate.

Biological Roles and Activities:

   - Luteolin is known for its antioxidant properties, acting as a free radical scavenger.

   - It serves as an anti-inflammatory agent and an immune system modulator.

   - Luteolin has shown activity against several cancers and is known as an antineoplastic agent.

   - It functions as an inhibitor of fatty acid synthase (EC 2.3.1.85), a vascular endothelial growth factor receptor antagonist, and an angiogenesis inhibitor.

   - It is also recognized as a nephroprotective agent, a c-Jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor, an apoptosis inducer, and an immunomodulator.

Luteolin's multifaceted roles, particularly in health and medicine, make it a compound of interest for further research and application in various therapeutic areas. Its historical use as a dye also underscores its significance in cultural and scientific contexts.

GHS Hazard Statements

• H315 (100%): Causes skin irritation [Warning Skin corrosion/irritation]

• H319 (100%): Causes serious eye irritation [Warning Serious eye damage/eye irritation]

• H335 (100%): May cause respiratory irritation [Warning Specific target organ toxicity, single exposure; Respiratory tract irritation]

Chemical and Physical Properties

Source: PubChem